“Impression, Sunrise”
The painting that started it all, or at least named it all.
“Impression, Sunrise” is an oil on canvas painting by the French artist, Claude Monet, from 1872. This is one in a series of paintings that Monet created of the port city of Le Havre in 1872. He painted the harbor from various viewpoints and times of day. This one is the most famous of the series and it was completed in just a few hours.
In this piece, Monet depicts the water off the port city of Le Havre in northern France. It is early morning, and the rising sun is depicted in a bright bold color of a blend of red, pink, and orange. Three small rowboats are in a line in the water. The rowboats imply space with the one closest to the viewer as the darkest and most defined and the one furthest away a pale blue, just barely discernable from the reflections of the ship masts and stacks. The choppy water is indicated by the loose brushstrokes of different colors, some of which reflect the rising sun. The overall palette is very light with shades of orange, purple, green, and blue.
Monet painted this view from his hotel room at Hôtel de l’Amirauté in November of 1872. He was staying at Le Havre where the Seine River empties out into the Atlantic Ocean. Monet was raised there as a boy and continued to visit the area in his adult life to garner inspiration for his art. The view is to the southeast from the harbor, looking at the quays and locks being constructed in this large port city. Masts and cranes are visible on the horizon. Monet decided to name the painting “Impression, Sunrise” instead of after the city, as the features were gestural and it was not an obvious painting of a location. Another reason was because he did not want viewers to think of the painting as unfinished. Unfortunately, many historic buildings, including Hôtel de l’Amirauté, were destroyed during WWII.
This is one of the paintings displayed at the very first exhibition of the Impressionist artists in 1874. At the time, the collective group of artists were called Société anonyme coopérative des artistes peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs. The artists had formed a society to be able to provide a venue for anyone to show their work who wanted greater artistic freedom and expression. It was an alternative to the famous Paris Salon that only included more conservative art, such as academic and history paintings. The Impressionist show was located at the salon of Nadar, the famous French photographer.
When asked to name the catalog of work displayed at the show, Monet decided upon “The Impressionist Exhibition”. Monet said “Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one, hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me. I had sent a thing done in Le Havre, from my window, sun in the mist and a few masts of boats sticking up in the foreground. They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn’t really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: ‘Put Impression.”
The whole school of art and the group of artists who followed it were named after this piece and inadvertently by the art critic, Louis Leroy, who attended their first collective art show in 1874. He used the name of Monet’s painting to inspire the name of his article, “The Exhibition of the Impressionists” which was printed in April 1874 in Le Charivari. The name was meant as a derision, but the artists took the label with pride and the movement became known afterwards as Impressionism.
Leroy said of this painting, “Impression – I was certain of it. I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it … and what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape.”
Leroy’s article is fun to read because he names so many people and different paintings that would soon be more famous and respected than he ever could have anticipated. So, I am including the article here for your reading pleasure:
“The Exhibition of the Impressionists” by Louis Leroy
Oh, it was indeed a strenuous day … when I ventured into the first exhibition on the boulevard des Capucines in the company of M. Joseph Vincent, landscape painter, pupil of [the academic master] Bertin, recipient of medals and decorations under several governments! The rash man had come there without suspecting anything; he thought that he would see the kind of painting one sees everywhere, good and bad, rather bad than good, but not hostile to good artistic manners, devotion to form, and respect for the masters. Oh, form! Oh, the masters! We don’t want them any more, my poor fellow! We’ve changed all that.
Upon entering the first room, Joseph Vincent received an initial shock in front of the Dancer by M. Renoir.
“What a pity,” he said to me, “that the painter, who has a certain understanding of color, doesn’t draw better; his dancer’s legs are as cottony as the gauze of her skirts.”
“I find you hard on him,” I replied. “On the contrary, the drawing is very tight.”
Bertin’s pupil, believing that I was being ironical, contented himself with shrugging his shoulders, not taking the trouble to answer. Then, very quietly, with my most naive air, I led him before the Ploughed Field of M. Pissarro. At the sight of this astounding landscape, the good man thought that the lenses of his spectacles were dirty. He wiped them carefully and replaced them on his nose.
“By Michalon!” he cried. “What on earth is that?”
“You see … a hoarfrost on deeply ploughed furrows.”
“Those furrows? That frost? But they are palette-scrapings placed uniformly on a dirty canvas. It has neither head nor tail, top nor bottom, front nor back.”
“Perhaps … but the impression is there.”
“Well, it’s a funny impression! Oh … and this?”
“An Orchard by M. Sisley. I’d like to point out the small tree on the right; it’s gay, but the impression … “
“Leave me alone, now, with your impression … it’s neither here nor there. But here we have a View of Melun by M. Rouart, in which there’s something to the water. The shadow in the foreground, for instance, is really peculiar.”
“It’s the vibration of tone which astonishes you.”
“Call it sloppiness of tone and I’d understand you better – Oh, Corot, Corot, what crimes are committed in your name! It was you who brought into fashion this messy composition, these thin washes, these mudsplashes in front of which the art lover has been rebelling for thirty years and which he has accepted only because constrained and forced to it by your tranquil stubbornness. Once again, a drop of water has worn away the stone!”
The poor man rambled on this way quite peacefully, and nothing led me to anticipate the unfortunate accident which was to be the result of his visit to this hair-raising exhibition. He even sustained, without major injury, viewing the Fishing Boats Leaving the Harbor by M. Claude Monet, perhaps because I tore him away from dangerous contemplation of this work before the small, noxious figures in the foreground could produce their effect.
Unfortunately, I was imprudent enough to leave him too long in front of the Boulevard des Capucines, by the same painter.
“Ah-ha!” he sneered in Mephistophelian manner. “Is that brilliant enough, now! There’s impression, or I don’t know what it means. Only be so good as to tell me what those innumerable black tongue-lickings in the lower part of the picture represent?”
“Why, those are people walking along,” I replied.
“Then do I look like that when I’m walking along the boulevard des Capucines? Blood and thunder! So you’re making fun of me at last?”
“I assure you, M. Vincent. … “
“But those spots were obtained by the same method as that used to imitate marble: a bit here, a bit there, slapdash, any old way. It’s unheard of, appalling! I’ll get a stroke from it, for sure.”
I attempted to calm him by showing him the St. Denis Canal by M. Lépine and the Butte Montmartre by M. Ottin, both quite delicate in tone; but fate was strongest of all: the Cabbages of M. Pissarro stopped him as he was passing by and from red he became scarlet.
“Those are cabbages,” I told him in a gently persuasive voice.
“Oh, the poor wretches, aren’t they caricatured! I swear not to eat any more as long as I live!”
“Yet it’s not their fault if the painter … “
“Be quiet, or I’ll do something terrible.”
Suddenly he gave a loud cry upon catching sight of the Maison du pendu by M. Paul Cézanne. The stupendous impasto of this little jewel accomplished the work begun by the Boulevard des Capucines; père Vincent became delirious.
At first his madness was fairly mild. Taking the point of view of the impressionists, he let himself go along their lines: “Boudin has some talent,” he remarked to me before a beach scene by that artist; “but why does he fiddle so with his marines?”
“Oh, you consider his painting too finished?”
“Unquestionably. Now take Mlle. Morisot! That young lady is not interested in reproducing trifling details. When she has a hand to paint she makes exactly as many brushstrokes lengthwise as there are fingers and the business is done. Stupid people who are finicky about the drawing of a hand don’t understand a thing about impressionism, and great Manet would chase them out of his republic.”
“Then M. Renoir is following the proper path; there is nothing superfluous in his Harvesters. I might almost say that his figures … “
” … are even too finished.”
“Oh, M. Vincent! But do look at those three strips of color, which are supposed to represent a man in the midst of the wheat!”
“There are two too many; one would be enough.”
I glanced at Bertin’s pupil; his countenance was turning a deep red. A catastrophe seemed to me imminent, and it was reserved to M. Monet to contribute the last straw.
“Ah, there he is, there he is!” he cried, in front of No. 98. “1 recognize him, papa Vincent’s favorite! What does that canvas depict? Look at the catalogue.”
“Impression, Sunrise.”
“Impression – I was certain of it. I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it … and what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape.”
In vain I sought to revive his expiring reason … but the horrible fascinated him. The Laundress, so badly laundered, of M. Degas drove him to cries of admiration. Sisley himself appeared to him affected and precious. To indulge his insanity and out of fear of irritating him, I looked for what was tolerable among the impressionist pictures, and I acknowledged without too much difficulty that the bread, grapes, and chair of Breakfast, by M. Monet, were good bits of painting. But he rejected these concessions.
“No, no!” he cried. “Monet is weakening there. He is sacrificing to the false gods of Meissonier. Too finished, too finished! Talk to me of the Modern Olympia! That’s something well done.”
Alas, go and look at it! A woman folded in two from whom a Negro girl is removing the last veil in order to offer her in all her ugliness to the charmed gaze of a brown puppet. Do you remember the Olympia of M. Manet? Well, that was a masterpiece of drawing, accuracy, finish, compared with the one by M. Cézanne.
Finally, the pitcher ran over. The classic skull of père Vincent, assailed from too many sides, went completely to pieces. He paused before the municipal guard who watches over all these treasures and, taking him to be a portrait, began for my benefit a very emphatic criticism.
“Is he ugly enough?” he remarked, shrugging his shoulders. “From the front, he has two eyes … and a nose … and a mouth! Impressionists wouldn’t have thus sacrificed to detail. With what the painter has expended in the way of useless things, Monet would have done twenty municipal guards!”
“Keep moving, will you!” said the “portrait.”
“You hear him-he even talks! The poor fool who daubed at him must have spent a lot of time at it!”
And in order to give the appropriate seriousness to his theory of aesthetics, père Vincent began to dance the scalp dance in front of the bewildered guard, crying in a strangled voice: “Hi-ho! I am impression on the march, the avenging palette knife, the Boulevard des Capucines of Monet, the Maison du pendu and the Modern Olympia of Cèzanne. Hi-ho! Hi-ho!”
Source.
In 1985, this painting was stolen from Musée Marmottan Monet by art thieves. In 1990, it was recovered and restored to the museum.
“Impression, Sunrise” is currently on display at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris, France.
For more on Claude Monet, please visit his short biography here.
You can find more artists to learn about here.
